Penal policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Penal policy - Essay Example , they are charged for their food, water, bedding and other daily necessities based on a scale in accordance with their social standing which was used instead of their financial capacity (Faucult 1997, p 97). A variety of forms of this system which can be seen as an early and bad example of the user pays principle continued in England until the 1780s, when prisoners began to be sent to Australia (Faucult 1997, p. 98). The financial exploitation of prisoners was regular in France and the United States (US) all through much of the nineteenth century, but was significantly extended in the southern states of the US in response to the severe labor scarcity following the Civil War. In the US, convicts were either forced to work under state supervision on railroad construction, mining, lumbering and other areas where free labor was in short supply, or were subleased by the state to entrepreneurs who used them, fundamentally as slaves, on cotton plantations and in factories. Next to the United States is Australia when it comes to the participation to the era of privatization. The National Party government of Queensland decided to start the operation of the new prison located at Borallon, near Brisbane, controlled by a private company under a management contract. The current Labor government confirmed its decision immediately after coming to power and ever since placed its new remand and reception centre at Wacol, a Brisbane suburb, under private management. New South Wales is the only other Australian State to date to adopt prison privatization. The NSW Liberal Party Government has entered into contract with a private firm for the design, construction and management of a maximum security prison at Junee, which is scheduled to become operational in March 1993 (Logan 1997, p. 112). A private prison is an institution that is managed by a nongovernment entity on behalf of the state. Logan (1997, p. 113) defined it as a place of confinement management by a private company

The implications of erecting additional Transmission Lines in New Assignment

The implications of erecting additional Transmission Lines in New Zealand by Transpower - Assignment Example It, therefore, runs the national conveying grid for the country (MacInnes, 2011). The national grid is a centralized system that allows proper and organized distribution of power to the New Zealand inhabitants with reliability. The system is such that it regulates the conveyance of electricity and prevents exploitation of people (Action, 2011). The current state law disallows any attempts by the company to exploit people. This regulation is present in the commerce act, which commenced early last year. The New Zealand regime has a responsibility of conducting a review after a specified period, which aims at ensuring proper power prices (MacInnes, 2011). Through the mandate allowed to the company by the country government, Transpower performed distribution of electricity. The company improved efficiency of power conveyance in the country. The regime allows a regulated a mount of revenue collection by the company by performing desired controls (Action, 2011). In order for the company to perform well, it seeks assistance from the government. The government at times offers financial assistance to the company to aid the widening of the national grid. The company provides succinct plans for improving the national grade, which earns it a government endorsement for collecting revenue. The plans must be convincing to the government to allow the request that the company presents (MacInnes, 2011). 2.0 Overview of the national grid of New Zealand Figure 1: The electricity grid in rural New Zealand, Retrieved on 6Th May 2012 from Transpower company owns the grid which is over 11000 Km in length. It conveys lines having high current plus voltage. The power conveyance in the entire country occurs via over 175 stations constructed by Transpower Company at different areas (Luke, Kearins & Verreynne, 2010). The construction of the stations is strategic in order to serve the needs of the population in different regions. Since the source of power is hydroelectric, stations for pro ducing electricity are evident near large water bodies, usually, in the southern regions of New Zealand (Luke et al., 2010). The northern parts of New Zealand have a higher power need than other regions hence long distance conveyance is evident. Covering the distance from the south to the northern regions is expensive. However, the commercial commission works in conjunction with the Transpower Company in order to perform proper plans for conveying electricity to needing areas (Action, 2011). Figure 2: Te Uku wind power project near Hamilton, New Zealand, Retrieved on 6Th May 2012 from 2.1 Background of power generation in New Zealand In New Zealand, the first power station lied in Bullendale region near Otago. There existed a mining centre in the region, which the power generation aimed to serve (Luke et al., 201